Changes in Equality between Men and Women - 608 Words

Back in the early 1960’s, there was a very different outlook on the equality between men and women. Even though all black women were looked down upon, white women ranked further down than men as well. Women of all colors were viewed as only being able to get married and have kids, expected to become maids, and not have an actual successful and paying job. These women practically meant nothing to society. To begin with, women were viewed strictly as only being able to get married and have kids. After these children are born, they are taken care of by the black maids while the mothers stay home and do nothing all day. It is seen as the â€Å"†¦only thing worth living for† (38), which is portrayed through Celia Foote’s character who has to suffer through several miscarriages until she realizes her husband doesn’t care if she can have children or not, and he loves her for her. Eugenia â€Å"Skeeter† Phelan is constantly being yelled at and harassed by her mother and friends to get married because she has already graduated from a university. Her mother, Constantine, even goes as far to assume that her own daughter is a lesbian because of how long it has taken her to find a man. Skeeter’s friend, Elizabeth Hilly tries to match her up with a wealthy man named Stuart Whitworth, the Senators son. During their blind date, Stuart gets drunk and insults Sk eeter and refuses to see him again. This shows how clearly defined the rules of what a â€Å"normal† woman in the city of Jackson should be like.Show MoreRelatedPatriarchy And The Liberation Of Women1679 Words   |  7 Pagescommitment to equality between the sexes and a commitment to gender as a focus of concern and to analytic approaches that reflect women’s concrete experiences. Feminists such as Katherine Bartlett define it as ‘a family of different perspectives or frameworks used to analyse the actual, and the desirable relationship between law and gender.’ However, it is not just equality of the sexes being sought by feminists but more specifically, rejection of patriarchy and the liberation of women. Under theRead MoreWomen s Rights And The Feminism Movement Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn a society where women were treated second to men there was clear outrage by women. In the early twentieth century men played the public role in society they worked, they made up the government, and they also got to own property and vote. Whereas women had the private role in society at this time, they were supposed to stay at home and clean, cook, and take care of the children. The women of this time were sick of being treated a step lower than men, which started the creation of women’s rightsRead MoreEquality Between African Americans And Women Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesEquality as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the quality or state of being equal : the quality or state of having the same rights, social status, etc. This nation was founded on three main principles, which were liberty, freedom, and equality. Though our country has struggled on many occasions to maintain each of these principles, the hardest one to maintain seems to be that of equality. Every human being has a desire to be seen as equal, its basic human nature. We seek equality in everyRead MoreThe Role Of Women During World War I1545 Words à ‚  |  7 Pagesthe role of women in society. During World War I, women entered the work force due to the shortage of men. Ever since this phenomenon, there has been a significant change in the number of women in the work force. However, this does not discount the fact that women are still subject to gender discrimination, lower salaries, and lack of respect in the professional industry. Improvements to the equality system have been made, but the problem is far from being fixed. Though the number of women joining theRead MoreResearch Proposal : Gender Equality899 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Proposal: Gender Equality in America For my research project, I would like to show the evolution of gender equality that has occurred in American society in the workplace. The disparity of status and privileges between men and women has existed since the end of the World War II. Although America has made progress concerning the acceptance of social issues such as same sex relationship and marriage, people are still unwilling to acknowledge that gender inequality is still rampant among ourRead MoreFeminism : Third Wave Feminism962 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 20th century when women fought for their rights for equality not just in the workplace but also their right to vote. The movement for gender equality was originally viewed as a great effort by women for women. Today feminism is a subtitle of equality. Giving us the new definition of feminism called third-wave feminism or gender equality. Modern feminism means equality for men and women whereas, a century ago, feminism meant that women should have the same rights as men. People are all givenRead MoreGender Equality in Sk1313 Words   |  6 PagesGender Equality in South Korea Women and men share many physical characteristics and mental abilities, but why are men more valued than women even today in many cultures around the world? It has only been a few decades since women started gaining gender equality and power in selected parts of the world. South Korea, which is a very small country with a population of 49.78 million used to be one of the most gender-conservative country, preferring men over women for centuries. Despite this longRead MoreMarx vs Gilman837 Words   |  4 Pageswork such as his was to change the world; an opinion obviously shared by Gilman since she was also on a mission to change the world, for women. Gilman is known for her humanist-socialist perspective but, I believe that her theories also share a similar quality to Marx’s conflict theory. Whereas Marx sees the conflict, or class struggle, being between the bourgeoisie (the owners) and the proletariat (the workers); Gilman sees the conflict, gender struggle, between men and women. Marx advocated socialRead MoreWomen Have Fought For Their Rights For Generations942 Words   |  4 PagesWomen have fought for their rights for generations. Women rights are something you as a women are entitled to do. The right to freedom of speech, the right to vote, work, get an education etc. The Seneca Falls Declaration is very distinct to The National Organization for Women movement they show some similarities in what women were allowed to do and how they reacted to these laws or restrictions. All men and women are created equally having the right for Life, Liberty and the pursuit of HappinessRead MorePatriarchy And Gendered Inequality?1421 Words   |  6 Pagesit evolved and changed over the centuries. Moreover, there is a need to understand that feminism is not a fight between women and men, it has much bigger impact and involves fight for equality in general. Feminism may seem like something very homogeneous, compact and tedious in its monothematic nature. When we hear the word feminism, many of us imagine a group of young, frustrated women picketing parliament and calling for the right to abortion (in countries where it is prohibited) or protesting

Gender Advancements During The Renaissance Essay - 1418 Words

The Renaissance was a time of enlightenment and discovery around the world. There were many advancements in culture, art, and science. An interesting area to look at for this period would be the advancements made based on gender. Historically, women do not always have a significant impact on their culture, and they do not always have the same standing as their male counterparts. Margaret L. King and Joan Kelly-Gadol delve deeper into the issue of gender advancements during the Renaissance when they analyze the issue of whether women and men benefitted equally during this period. Margaret L. King takes the stance that women advanced just as much as men. She begins her argument by mentioning quite a few heroines of the time such as: Joan of Arc, Caterina Sforza, Elizabeth of Tudor, and Cather de ’Medici. In fact, these women are what King largely bases her arguments on. She tells the individual stories of these women and how they altered the status quo in their individual countr ies regarding females. Many of them were a part of the noble class, but she argues that they must be noted when discussing the role of females in the Renaissance. King uses the women that were brought to power in their country to show that women had to have advanced socially in a substantial way to be able to be in positions that men usually held. King makes the final argument that women advanced in the sense that their perception of themselves in relation to the world around them developed into aShow MoreRelatedThe Countercultures: Once Pooh-poohed, Now Revered1275 Words   |  6 Pagesrespective eras. The Quakers, the Harlem Renaissance participants, and the Hippies have had an immense impact on American culture. This impact is especially apparent in the political actions and artä ¸â‚¬audio and visualä ¸â‚¬of the countercultures’ respective times. The Quakers first arrived in North America after facing constant persecution under England’s monarchical government. Led by William Penn, Jr., the Quakers landed in the not-yet-founded colony of Pennsylvania. During the early stages of their settlementRead MoreThe Causes Of The Protestant Reformation1270 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Catholic Church such as the recognition of genders in the society are the ones that pique the interest of people lately. Protestant Reformation could have contributed to the improvement of the system inside the Roman Catholic Church. In this perspective, the importance of the reformation could be seen since it served as a criticism of the practices of Catholicism. And this paved a way for the changes in the system of the Church. 2. The Renaissance has been called the birth of modernity. WhyRead MoreComparing The Tang Dynasty And The Western Civilization1524 Words   |  7 Pagestime could go, nearly who and what a person was depended on their gender. Women were seen as inferior to men no matter their intellectual or social status background. Men and women alike were expected to have certain and specific duties associated with their gender. Gender roles have always been a popular discussion topic due to its major impacts on cultural norms of various time periods. The popular start and discussion of gender roles and feminism specifically was initiated in its early forms datingRead MoreThe 1920s transformations greatly affected the American society. There was a dramatic social change700 Words   |  3 Pagesthan sixty percent and the mass culture’s influence contributed to the progress and advancement of technology and goods. The 1920s was a time of culture wars and an age of incredible affluence and e xpansion of human rights. Although there were many aspects of this culture that broke away from the moral and manners of the Victorian era, in some ways this era was also traditional and conservative. Some issues during this era, known as the â€Å"roaring twenties† or the age of wonderful nonsense, like theRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1434 Words   |  6 PagesMany African-Americans faced huge struggles years after the civil war. Their journey for racial equality began during the Reconstruction Era. The Civil War gave slaves freedom, a new set of huge challenges were put into play in the South. Under President Andrew Johnson, there were many new southern state legislatures that passed â€Å"black codes† to control most of the labor and behavior of the former slaves. Outrage in the North over these restrictive codes destroyed support for presidential reconstructionRead MoreMarita Bonners the Whipping Genetic Structuralism Analysis1304 Words   |  6 Pagesworks, such as paintings, musical compositions, and also literary works. The Whipping is a short story written by Marita Bonner, a black woman in 1939. She is associated with ‘Harlem Renaissance’. It was an intellectual, social, and political movement of African Americans during the early twentieth century. During this time in history, blacks embarked upon a journey of self discovery and an effort to remakes their collective image. The story took the background of one black family in MississippiRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance1184 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 20th century a unique awakening of mind and spirit, of race consciousness, and artistic advancement emerged within the African American community in New York City. This emergence has brought about the greatest artistic movement in African American history. After the failure of the Reconstruction period the Negro was not considered either a person or an America. The idea that a Negro was an American was totally unacceptable to the whiteRead MoreEssay about Harlem Renaissance Poets: Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes1142 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of African Americans moved from South to the North of the United States. New economic and artistic opportunities led them to create and identify themselves in their own culture and heritage. This movement is well-known as the Harlem renaissance. It was accompanied by new lifestyle, music styles, and plenty of talented writers. This paper discusses two poems from this period: Heritage, written by Countee Cullen, and The Weary Blues, written by Langston Hughes. There is a lot of mysteryRead MoreThe Identity Of Capoeira And Ballet Dance1097 Words   |  5 Pages2005, p. 6) The identity of ballet during its early development stages (pre twentieth century) shows how language can be used to enrich ballet. (Arthenia.com, no date) Here we can see a typical picture of Louis XIV ‘the sun king’, king of France during the renaissance age, he proved influential in the initial identification of ballet. One of the many characteristics of Ballet originated in Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries during the renaissance period .The migration of balletRead MoreB. Du Bois1593 Words   |  7 PagesKing, Rosa Parks, or maybe Frederick Douglass. All of these are great choices, but, an often forgotten name that is not brought up in these discussions is W.E.B. Du Bois. An author, speaker, teacher, protester, sociologist, historian, certainly a renaissance man in the truest sense of the phrase. As an author, many of his writings have been very influential, from the time they were released and still to this day. As a speaker, Du Bois was often outspoken and made it a point to be clear where he stood

Persuasion and Rhetorical Tools Used by Successful Public Orators

Question: Persuasion in rhetoric has been perceived as an art that involves linguistic tools and stylistic eloquence. Discuss the strategies of persuasion and the rhetorical tools that are used by successful public orators, and then apply the identified tools to a selected speech extract of 200 words to show their effectiveness.? Answer: Strategies of Persuasion and Rhetorical Tools Used by Successful Public Orators There isnt much that can be achieved in the world without communication as it forms the basic foundation that governs the public and personal spheres amongst helping in mitigation of ideologies, believes and logic as well. However, communication exists in many forms far from the informal and formal set up. It exists in all sorts of environment and ultimately influences decision making. Its therefore important to understand the most effective means of communication, with persuasion happening to be one of them. The art of mitigating, controlling and altering a believe, a remark or questionable word, phrase or statement to suit the speaker has and is still being used to date, to favor speakers in attaining their goals. Similarly, the art of delivering the said persuasion is also considered quite important as it largely influences, the audiences attitude and behavior towards the spoken or written words, phrases or statements. Being that its important for people to arrive at a common agreement in order for development to be actualized and realized, its therefore important to understand persuasion. Words, phrases have to be structured, arranged and delivered in a certain manner for them to deliver the message or thoughts as desired, and communicate in the expected manner. This is referred to as persuasion strategies. How factual and idealistic these thoughts may be is always a swaying reality existing in the form of persuasion (Burg, 2011). How the message is delivered and through which form of delivery matters in determining the following cause of action. While the Greeks (Socrates) in ancient time found persuasion and rhetoric as a form of deceit especially in the delivery of justice, Romans disagreed (Rhys Roberts, 2008). They found the idea as a different form of well-constructed arguments that aided the final decision and helped the hearers judge the messages effectively (Ackrill, 1997). In every cause of life from one form of existence (family, tribe, nation amongst other groups) to the next, every communication holds some sort of persuasion, being that human beings are social animals. One of the strategies is contrasting persuasion. This mostly occurs in a public sphere where there is competition for certain gains. Here, the audience is given the freedom of will and choice after presentation of information. It may be presented respectively or otherwise. In an optimistic manner, the speaker presents his or her information in humility and respect of the audience, while risking being viewed as a smug and a nave person by the opposers and fellow proponents. On the other hand, the speaker can completely disregard the opinion of the audience and make his or her remarks in a rather proud, disrespectful and pessimistic way. This is mostly seen in political scenes where a speaker chooses to view the audience as rather ignorant and therefore finds his or her remarks necessar y and much deserved in changing certain ideologies or opinions (German, 2010). For persuasion to have an attachment to the targeted audience it can be presented in three forms or categories. Logos, Pathos or Ethos. Logos is the persuasion to an agreement using proved facts whereas pathos is the appeal to an audience based on emotional appeal. Ethos is the appeal to an audience using good reputation and a credible work ethic (Ackrill, 1997). The three can apply in different fields of life such as judicial systems, charitable works, sales, and marketing respectively. The three categories tend to be effective with the use of paralanguage which may exist in many forms of color, sounds, body language, tears, smiles and raised voices amongst many others. The balance between, arrangement, innovation and presentation determine the efficiency of a word, phrase or statement, used in a verbal or written statement (Zimmer, 2017). In as much as persuasion exists in language, accompanying sounds and body movements otherwise known as paralanguage, also create emphasis on persuasion in the form of message delivery (Atkinson, 1984). Persuasion begins right at childbirth where the child expresses the need for different things involuntarily and invokes change in behavior and attitude. As he or she grows up, the expression of attention becomes more of a voluntary strategy and every action is done in order to manipulate, control or persuade. Paralanguage is used as a style of persuasion delivery (rhetoric) and is therefore regarded as a rhetorical tool (German, 2010). Rhetorical tools enable right choices from words, phrases, images, icons, colors, organizational structures and tones, which assists in pulling the audience closer to the speakers. Their ease of use depend on the message and the audience receiving it. This is often regarded to as availability of means. It can be word choices, grammatical sentence structure, organization of content, use of punctuation, constancy, color schemes and format of the document amongst others. These affect the tone of the message, which directly affects the confidence of the speaker (Ackrill, 1997). Some of the rhetorical tools or devices used in persuasion include invention. Its the creation of an idea brought about by a communication problem on most occasions. It can be used in advertisement and public relations amongst others like in the pitching of ideas to investors. Another common tool used is arrangement. Its important to organize information in such a way that there is ease transference of information, to the audience. Therefore, punctuation is an important aspect of setting tone to a speech (Atkinson, 1984). Another important tool is style. It reflects the speakers personality and also the audiences perception of a message. Rhetorical tools can be presented in various useful yet different styles among them being rhetorical questions. These are described as the questions that need no answer from an audience as the speaker asks and answers his or her own questions. This is used to draw the audiences attention to the subject of discussion and before they can draw in opinions on the matter, the speaker answers the question so as not to have his or message deterred (German, 2010). Voluntary strategic expression of persuasion diversifies, from infancy to different cultures and language setups, among them being intimate set-ups, social gatherings, political rallies, advertisements amongst other public relations in a bid to change the behavior and attitude of the hearers. These environments require more tools tailored to suit a certain audience. Some of them include rhetorical triplets, which are used so as to draw a climax to a speech. Rhetorical triplets being the use of repetitive words at the beginning of three consecutive sentences, highlights on a subject, a word of meaning, or a phrase that is critical to the message delivered. In some situation especially in advertising where there is need to constantly remind the audience of a message severally, wholesale repetition is used. This is the art of constant reputation of messages and images, so as not to have the audience forget about the intended message. Its important that the speaker remembers his or her speech so as to avoid reciting the message to an audience as that can spoil the audiences perception of the message and the speakers credibility as well. Not as many people are interested in lifeless speeches that sound like manuals. A good speech is enabled by good research and passion in the subject of discussion. Lastly, delivery is dire in every communication as it leaves a lasting impression of the speakers and dictates, the grandness or plainness of a message (Zimmer, 2017). Another form of persuasion is the self-presentation persuasion. Its often referred to as contemporary persuasion. This is a strategy mostly used in public relations so as to create favor for employers to both their employees and consumers. It dwells on the economy of an organization and also public policy-making, and thus information is creatively formatted, so as to reach to the target audience and the facts can, therefore, be rather unclear and lacking logic. They hold no room for audience response or arguments, and the focus is placed solely on the holders of information (Burg, 2011). Synthetic personalization is also used to create an environment of false friendliness so as to pull an audience closer to the speaker. This style is also used in public relations, both in a public and personal environment. With the use of paralanguage like properly timed smiles, tears and proper arrangement of words in a conversation, the audience can be persuaded to agree to a presented ideology or opinion. Its of importance to note that in as much as persuasion seems to be in much need in a public environment, its also so from a personal sphere as well. However, the types of dialogue used are quite different. In a personal environment, the dialogue tends to be intimate, informal and of dialogic nature. A public environment tends to hold a planned, formal and monologic conversation. More to these, other important strategies of persuasion include a speakers competency to the topic of discussion and his or her dynamism in the expression of the topic. This can be achieved by incorporating different rhetorical tools such as charisma. There is also a lot of time, expertise, and energy invested into the speeches (Rhys Roberts, 2008). Persuasion has always been a subject of contention since ancient times. It has been a subject of great division as it crosses both legal and social norms. However, it is undeniably present in every conservation, be it public, intimate, formal or informal. Its used for different intentions and its effectiveness can only be dictated by the strategies adopted, the styles incorporated and the method of delivery. Therefore, the skillfulness, correctness, clarity, quality eloquence, preparedness, ornateness and the grandness or plainness of a message, can determine the perception to which the message is received by the audience. Speech About The State Of The Environment Its funny that as I woke up today in the morning, the thought of how beautiful the sunrise is crossed my mind. Truth is, I have seen the sunrise before but I just never looked at it like I did today. It got me thinking of just how cool nature really is. There is the sun, moon, stars, rain, snow and all these other beauties to behold. We are a beauty. The animals are also a beauty as well. We wake up thriving to make our careers beautiful so that others and ourselves may like our ideas and want to give them a chance. We try to make our children a beauty so that they can grow up and spread their beauty to the world as well. We try to make everything around us a beauty, so as to keep staring at it, that we never have to tire of the world as we grow old besides our loved ones. Truth is, all we have ever done, do or are going to do is an attempt to create beauty that lasts long enough for the current and future generation. So lets not tire now. Lets not tire of cleaning the streets. Lets not tire to plant more trees where some have fallen and lets not tire to invest heavily on green energy. Lets not tire of reducing plastic garbage and toxic chemicals in a bid to reduce the carbon footprint and lets not tire of creating beauty for we all need it now and in the future. We are a beauty and so is the world we live in. Understand it, admire it and never forget to protect it. We owe it to Mother Nature to preserve her beauty just as she preserves ours, through life and nourishment. References Ackrill, J., 1997. Essays on Plato and Aristotle. 1st ed. USA: Oxford University Press. Atkinson, M., 1984. Our Masters' Voices. 1st (October 19,1984) ed. london: Routledge. Burg, B., 2011. The Art of Persuasion. 1st ed. Shippensburg, PA: Sound Wisdom. German, K., 2010. Principles of Public Speaking. 17th ed. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Rhys Roberts, W., 2008. Aristostle the Art of Persuasion. 1st ed. New Jersey: Megaphone e-books. Zimmer, J., 2017. Spice Up Your Speeches with These 3 Rhetorical Devices. Presentation Guru, 1(Built Real Impact), p. 1.

The Outcome of the Regime Change in North Korea and the Role of South Korea during the Regime Change

â€Å"I think it’s time we talked about regime change in North Korea, and I do not mean military action, but I do believe that this is a very unstable regime,† Sen. John McCain said. Indeed the question of the regime change in North Korea is an urgent question of the modern international security politics. The international community orients its North Korean policy, believing that North Korea will fail, especially South Korea and the USA.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Outcome of the Regime Change in North Korea and the Role of South Korea during the Regime Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problem of the regime change in North Korea is particularly interesting as it can bring considerable changes into the lives of Korean people, international relationships of North Korea with the United States, South Korea, other countries, as well as change the overall political situation in the wor ld. The question of the second regime change emerged after the Kim Jong-Il’s illness: â€Å"Foreign policy challenge of how the United States and its allies can prepare for the possibility that North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il’s illness becomes the source of sudden and destabilizing change in North Korea† (Stares 1). However, the background for the regime change was the nuclear politics of North Korea and its refusal to abandon production of the nuclear weapon. Politics, as well as political scientist try to predict possible outcomes of the regime change. The governments of two countries, the USA and South Korea, are extremely interested in the promotion and results of this change, â€Å"G. W. Bush laid down an ambitious marker when he declared that the US would not â€Å"tolerate† the acquisition of nuclear weapon by Iran and North Korea† (Litwak 1) Thus, in this essay, I am going to analyze possible outcomes of the regime change in North Korea and the role of South Korea during the regime change. This topic is particularly interested because it presents a perfect â€Å"raw material† for the study of the security policy. I would like to analyze this topic because I am familiar with its history and culture of both North and South Koreas. The outcomes of the first regime change from Kim Il Sung to Kim Jung IL were somehow unpredictable: many historians, US believed that North Korea will collapse. But it became even stronger. Thus, the outcomes of the outcomes of the second regime change can be seen from different angles. It can have as positive as negative results. In particular, it can influence the relationships of North Korea with other countries and improve economical, social and cultural life of the country. On the other hand, it can cause more conflicts and even war.Advertising Looking for essay on diplomacy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This topic was sel ected because the international community aspires to change the regime in North Korea believing in the positive outcomes of this affair. Moreover, there were many researches that predicted possible ways of changing the regime and how it could result for the world. Thus, doing the research of this topic it would be reasonable to analyze, first of all, the outcomes of the first regime change and how it influenced on different aspects of human life in North Korea. Second, as it has already been mentioned, there were examples when a country survived the change of regime and benefited from it (the division of Germany after the World War II on Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic and its reunion in 1990). Let us take another sample. North Korea often compared with Iraq as it presents the â€Å"threat to international security† (Pak and Kim 1). But: â€Å"The Iraq was set an important historical precedent by being the first case in which forcible regime change was the means employed to achieve no-profitable ends. †¦necessitated regime change because of Saddam Hussein’s unrelenting drive to acquire weapons of mass destruction† (Litwak 1). Third, analyzing the outcomes of the first regime change in North Korea and the results of the regime change in other countries, we should also analyze how the change can influence on the industrial, agricultural and service sector in the country, as well as on the structure of the government, social, economic life and even the culture of the country. We should also analyze why the regime change in North Korea would be beneficial for such countries as the USA and South Korea. In 2008, the relationships between South and North Korea took a turn for the worse because Lee Myung-bak became the president of South Korea who took a â€Å"sharp† position towards the DPRK.In response, the government of North Korea (North Korea accuses South of deadly spy plots, n. pag.) refused the proces s of reintegration and accused Lee Myung-bak in attempt on Kim Jung IL’s life. As a result, in June 2009, the DPRK announced the withdrawal from all peace treaties and in February, it announced the readiness to war with South Korea. However, soon, it renewed the telecommunications with it. Still, the two parts of the county have tense relationships. The government of the South Korea is supported by the USA government. These two countries are the most interested ones in the regime change in North Korea: â€Å"Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton expressed full U.S. support Monday for South Korea’s decision to take tough new steps against North Korea and said Pyongyang’s â€Å"belligerence† has created a â€Å"highly precarious situation† in the region.† ( McCormack, n. pag).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Outcome of the Regime Change in North Korea and the Role of South Korea during the Regime Change specifica lly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before this announcement, the president of South Korea assured that their nation would cease all the trades with the country and most of the investments. Thus, Lee also supports the idea of changes in North Korea (McCormack, n.pag). What is the point? Why are all the countries so interested in the regime change? The first answer can be rather trivial, and the most obvious one, in fact. The international community tries to preserve piece in the society and improve the lives of people of the North Korea who lived under the â€Å"the staying power of North Korean totalitarianism, which has resisted decades of sanctions and isolation† (Hirsh, n. pag). However, can we judge from what is said to us by means of media and in political speeches? Who knows the real situation? Indeed, it would be too far-fetched to estimate that North Korea is a â€Å"monster† which wants to seize the power in the world. Har dly can it be true. Perhaps, all the actions are just an attempt to preserve the independency and unitary of the state. To prove this position it should be mentioned that once â€Å"North Korean Foreign Minister Nam Sun told Weldon, â€Å"If the U.S. would sign a nonaggression pact, we would give up nuclear programs and weapons.† (Kaplan, n. pag). At any rate, the intentions of both opposed sides are their own business and in the spotlight of my essay are the possible outcomes of the regime change. The predictions of the regime change have been made by many political scientists. According to Paul B. Stares, there are: â€Å"Three potential succession scenarios: managed succession, in which the top leadership transitions smoothly; contested succession, in which government officials and factions vie for power after Kim’s demise; and failed succession, in which a new government is unable to achieve legitimacy, possibly resulting in the collapse of North Korea† (1) . The results of the regime change depend on the actions of both sides the ability to find a compromise. According to Bruce Bennett and Nina Hachigian:Advertising Looking for essay on diplomacy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Ideally, regime change in North Korea would mean a neat handover of power from Kim Jong Il to a cooperative, benign leader that the United States and its allies can work with. Or, it could lead to a quick and peaceful unification with South Korea, as happened in Germany† (4). Indeed, in such case, the US would be able to control the government of the country, guarantee stability and prevent the danger of nuclear weapon. The country will be united. Such an outcome can greatly improve the prosperity of the country, â€Å"the economic prosperity has something to do with political stability† (â€Å"Modeling Regime Change† n. pag.) and the change can lead to the â€Å"revolutionary upheaval, in a likelihood implying the North’s collapse and its absorption into the rival Southern state† (â€Å"Political Change in North Korea† n. pag). Jin Pak and Michael Kim also suggest four scenarios for the regime changes in North Korea. According to them , it is the USA who has to arrange positive changes, â€Å"scenario 1 depicts a global environment in which the United States is successful in Iraq and Kim Jong IL obtains stability in his regime† (4). There are four scenarios and each of them depicts the picture when the USA changes the regime in North Korea. However, the DPRK’s main purpose, as well as the other countries, is not to be submitted to other governments. Thus, if the North Korean’s independence and safety will not be preserved, the outcomes of the regime change can be negative. The worst thing that can happen is the war as the North Korea can take military actions to prevent the collapse of the country and use its nuclear weapon. Or there can even appear the worst regime. Thus, the outcomes of the regime change can be different. Most international communities may hope that the North Korea will fail, however, it can even become stronger. Its current regime and the experience of previous historical events show that the regime will not change, but the government will only change its strategy. Works Cited Bennett, Bruce and Hachigian, Nina. â€Å"A Different Axis : Don’t Try Regime Change in North Korea†. The New York Times. Jan. 2004. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/31/opinion/31iht-edkorea_ed3_.html?pagewanted=1 Hirsh, Michael. â€Å"McCain Calls for ‘Regime Change’ in North Korea†. National Security. Nov. 2010. Web.. http://nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/mccain-calls-for-regime-change-in-north-korea-20101128 Kaplan, Fred. â€Å"Regime Change in North Korea?† Jul. 2003. Web. http://www.slate.com/id/2085155/ Litwak, Robert S. â€Å"Non-Proliferation and the Dilemmas of Regime Change†. Web. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/survival2.pdf McCormack, John. â€Å"Obama Supports Regime Change in North Korea?† May 2010 Web.. http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-supports-regime-change-north-korea â€Å"Model ing Regime Change†. Web.. http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/369/2iie373x.pdf North Korea accuses South of deadly spy plots. — Reuters, 18.12.2008 â€Å"Political Change in North Korea.† Web. http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/369/1iie373x.pdf Pak, Jin. and Kim, Michael. â€Å"Implications for Scenario Planning on the question, â€Å"Should the US pursue Regime Change in North Korea?† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p71138_index.html Stares, Paul B., and Joel S Wit. Center for Preventive Action. Preparing for Sudden Change in North Korea. Council on Foreign Relations, 2009 This essay on The Outcome of the Regime Change in North Korea and the Role of South Korea during the Regime Change was written and submitted by user TheFury to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Malaysian Airlines free essay sample

Table of content Executive summary2 Introduction Purpose3 Scope3 Method3 Assumption and limitation3 Background3 Product5 Price8 Promotion10 Place12 Conclusion13 Reference14 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to present the business operating in the tourism sector and how the company segments its products and services in the market. Malaysia Airlines System (MAS) is a well-known aircraft carrier company that delivers their services to all passengers around the world to ideal destinations. MAS use marketing mix such as Product, Price, Promotion and Place to broaden, advertise, and promote their offers to the market. They have built a strong brand name internationally, indicated by the three levels of product such as core product, actual product, and augmented product. The Five Star Value Carrier is being established in February 2008 to ensure passengers are happy with the excellent service, quality, in-flight service, comfort and reasonable fare of MAS. E-Booking, E-Ticketing, E-Brochures and E-Check-in is available for the purpose of convenient. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysian Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enrich Club is also being run as a loyalty program for frequent flyer. Privileges will be offered to Enrich members and flyers are allow to accumulate they travel miles as points to accrued benefits. MAS will place emphasis on delivering value for money, offering highly competitively priced tickets in all classes. The program Everyday Low Fares (ELF) is being launched by MAS to attract the attention of people. People would like to know more about travelling with MAS when â€Å"Everyday Low Fares† program is being advertised. Malaysia Association of Tour and Travel Agents Fair (MATTA) played an important role for MAS. Visitors will gain awareness with the appearance of MAS in MATTA Fair because all kinds of sales and promotions can be found in the fair. This fair will be held in Malaysia every year for a short period of time and it encourages people to purchase and know more about travel with MAS. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to present how Malaysia Airline System (MAS) operate in its business in the tourism sector and describe how the business segments its market and how this segmentation is reflected in its marketing strategy. Scope The main focus of this report is the segmentation about MAS and how it segments its business in the market. Method A wide range or sources was used in the creation of this report. Both primary and secondary sources were used such as textbook, journal articles, newspaper articles from the internet and annual reports of the company. Assumption and limitations It is assumed that the information found is accurate and the limitation was the information found from the internet. Background Malaysia Airline (MAS) operates flights from its home base, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). It has also build up a strong brand name in the aviation industry for service and safety, coupled with numerous awards. There are two strong competitors for MAS. They are Qantas (Qantas, 2008) and Cathay Pacific Airline (Cathay Pacific, 2008). The reason why they are strong competitors is because they offer similar product and services in the same field. Buyers’ perceptions of risk will be reduced when unfamiliar products are involved (Erdem et al. , 1999). People would choose to travel with MAS because of the well-known brand name. Customer analysis and retention system will be set up in order to enhance its customer retention and satisfaction (William Reed, 1998). To keep all passengers at satisfied level while they are travelling with MAS, advance technologies and excellent skills of services will be provided. MAS also broke the Great Circle Distance Without Landing record on a Boeing 777-200ER in year 1997 (Malaysia Airlines, 2008). This record then increased the trust of passengers in travelling with MAS as they believed that MAS would bring them to their ideal destination with punctuality and safety. Product A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). It can also be divided into two types of products, such as tangible and intangible product. Malaysia Airlines System (MAS) is selling their services to the society as a carrier domestically and internationally. The three levels of the product include the core product, the actual product that includes important features such as the brand name, quality, styling and features, and the augmented product which includes delivery and credit, installation, warrant and after-sales services (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). These are important to the business operator because most of the customers are attracted by the levels of products. Core product is what the customer is really buying. It consists of the main benefit or benefits the purchaser identifies as a personal need that will be met by the product. Time critical transport is the core product that being purchased by travelers from MAS. They believed that MAS could bring them to the destination they want to be visited. The actual products for MAS are meals, seat allocation, Flight booking systems, In-flight services, duty free shopping, and schedule. The airline also offers a series of solutions to make traveler to travel faster, easier and more efficient by e-Booking, e-Ticketing and e-Check-in. The in-flight services in MAS consisted strong technical skills and highly trained cabin crew. The high maintenance staff, flight operations staff and ground crew are filled with world-class technical skills. Due to the capabilities and attention of the staff and crew, it created a strong safety record in MAS. Other than that, MAS also have potential source of revenue to broaden its business activities. The cabin crew are highly trained and committed to excellent service and the five-star rating owes much to their grace and professionalism Whereas the augmented product are tours, holiday package, frequent flyer scheme, fly-drive package, Enrich Club and priority baggage.

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service Essay on Republic or Democracy Essay on Republic or DemocracyThe concept of republic and democracy were not absolutely identical and Founding Fathers’ vision of the US republic differed from the contemporary view of the US political system. The Founding Fathers selected the best way of the political development for the new nation and they choose republic, where the nation is ruled by laws and collegiate government. They also established the division of powers to balance different parties, which were likely to start struggling for power in the US. Instead, today, the US political system is driven by the democracy rather than by republican concerns of the Founding Fathers.In actuality, the development of the US democracy emerged on the ground of the division of powers and fundamental principles of the US political system established by the Founding Fathers. However, the Founding Fathers stood on the ground that the US should be the Republic ruled by the Congress, the main legislative body, the President, the head of the executive power, and the Supreme Court, the judicial branch of power. These three branches were supposed to regulate and control each other. In the course of time, the distribution of power remained within the framework determined by the US Constitution. However, the democracy has become representative and its impact became prior to the republican system established by the US Founding Fathers. The Founding Fathers attempted to establish clear regulations of the nation based on the relations between powers and people were the major source of power. The modern democracy has replaced the direct democracy by the representative democracy.Thus, the development of the US democracy shifted toward the representative democracy.

Report which critically assesses the reasons for the success or Essay

Report which critically assesses the reasons for the success or failure of an innovation - Essay Example The process of innovation starts when the product is first conceived and moves towards its realisation. This involves a number of factors that are controllable and certain others that are not controllable. Almost all of the controllable factors are internal to the company. These include project management and implementation from ground zero to creating the product with specific advantages. The controllable factors also include the internal knowledge on the product and the product market, the amount of efforts that the company spends in pre-development activities. There are also a number of uncontrollable factors which are primarily external to the company. These include the changes that come about in the market potential for the product, the market itself and the competitor response to the product development. There are also other factors like the capital requirements and the legal factors which could turn out to be very important when the product hits the market. The aim of this paper is to study a product that was launched in the company. This would analyse the various factors that influenced the launch of this product, both controllable and not controllable. This study would also look at the reasons why the product behaved the way it did in the market and what could have been done in order to rectify these conditions. The final deductions are put down under the conclusion while the rest of the paper carries the initial study and analysis. Product The product identified for this purpose is the launch of the Azotobactor bacterial based bio fertilizer by the company that is being considered. The company launched the product in 1998 in the markets of Europe and Latin America after a pro-longed development effort and observation of how agriculture is practiced in those countries. The company has been selling fertilizers for about 25 years prior to that. As an effort towards test marketing the company did sell some of the products in Bio fertilizer range that they have been selling in UK for six months before going for a full fledged launch of these fertilisers. The study is taken up to cover the entire project till the launch was formally completed in 2004 and the product moved into the maintenance mode. Controllable Factors The developments of any of the products have both controllable and not controllable factors influencing them. In order to analyse the effect of these factors, the history behind the product launch has to be taken note of. This product was launched by a chemical fertiliser company as a new entrant into the bio fertiliser market or the organic fertiliser market. With the increasing tendency of making the fields more and more chemical, with both chemical fertilisers and pesticides, the bio fertilisers were looked at as the future fertilisers. It was expected that these would stand the test of time and would be the best regenerative alternate for chemical fertilisers. With this in mind the company embarked on the mission to launch the bio fertilisers in Europe and in the Latin American markets. They were not the first to bring it, though, the rest of the industry that tried did not meet with specific success either. There was also an imminent need that the company also gets into this ban d wagon. There were a number of products which were being called the bio fertiliser

Driver Designated Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Driver Designated Service - Research Paper Example The Marketing Plan The demographic environment of Los Angel’s city is made up of a diverse population. The populace consists of men and women whose education levels vary from person to person. Los Angeles is a city with a large population because of the high level of birth rate. The residents also have various perceptions governing their interactions within the society. Religious beliefs also vary from person to person because the country does not have a state religion. All this factors plays a crucial role in influencing market plan for organizations. The 4Ps of the marketing mix that are taken into consideration in the marketing of the service involve â€Å"product,† â€Å"price,† â€Å"place† and â€Å"promotion.† Marketing The owners should know the strengths and challenges within the business. The knowledge by the owners provides a burly base for the operation of the industry because the threats and opportunities are easily predicted by the own ers. Secondly, the customers should be educated on the benefits of business and how it works. It should have some distinct features that distinguish it from other similar services offered by other businesses (Heather & Stockwell, 2004). The location for conducting the business should be clear and reachable by the clients. Security of the clients should be guaranteed by the company. The business should not be positioned at a location where there are no unlawful doings happening in the area. It should also be located in strategic positions. Promotion The service of providing designated drivers should be widely promoted using various strategies such as advertising and sales promotion to market it to the prospective clients. Promotion also acts as a tool for educating buyers on the existence and payback of the service in the market. Service Review The service of providing designated drivers was instigated to help drivers who are excessively drunk safely reach home. My â€Å"designated driver service† company is different from other competitive companies because it drives clients from home in their own vehicles, while another driver follows the designated driver to pick up the designated driver. It is efficient because the designated driver goes as far bringing a clients’ vehicle within their reach. The designated driver service has certain impediment that limits the efficiency in delivery of the service. The first impediment is that the designated drivers are a popular lot in the society, but residents do not fully utilize the services they offer. This is because individuals are still used to the conduct of drinking and driving. The drunk drivers who cause accidents in most cases always go on drinking sprees without hiring designated drivers. A designated driver does not necessarily have to be a person who is engaged to work in a company, but can also be the one who goes with colleagues out on a drinking spree and refrains from drinking alcoholic bev erages (Heather & Stockwell, 2004). Target Market and Segmentation The city that I am targeting is Los Angeles. It has a high population compared to other states in the United States. The city and the market are located in the United States. The populace of the city is diverse because of the numerous ethnic groups present within the city. The market behavior in the city is also unpredictable as a result of the large population. Many individuals are operating different businesses within the city and I strongly believe that my company will immensely benefit from

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example Through outsourcing, the management will get some free time to concentrate on improvement of its output. On the other hand, in the year, 2000 Hewlett Packard Co in US has increased the production of its products by 50 %. The company ensures that it has enough to meet its customers demand at any particular time. The countries ensure that they acquire adequate raw material as well as skilful personnel in order to produce quality products. The companies also provide that they use modern equipment’s in their production process to produce quality products. Japan, most company’s management is transferring their operation to online. That is, they have to find their raw material online and find a market their products online. The company products also call for proper marketing of its products to sell to the expectations of the enterprise. However, various companies have different marketing strategies that the use to sell their products. For instance, Toyota Company in Japan ensures that it acquires and sells over 50% of its products online. On the other hand, most Companies in US uses promotional techniques. The companies always conduct road shows to market its products. In addition, the companies also adopt the system of e-commerce in most of its operations. Economic success of the particular countries contributes a lot to the country’s economic success. However, the countries management ensures that it properly trains its employees in order to meet organizational objectives at just in time (JIT). For instance, Honda Company in USA ensures that it gives its employees an opportunity to learn more. For instance, the company takes its employees for seminars in order to improve their skills and experience. On the other hand, Toyota Co in Japan ensures that it provides on the job training to its employees if performance evaluation demands training. The operation management of both USA and Japan are equal in the

Herzberg S Two Factor Theory Tourism Essay

Herzberg S Two Factor Theory Tourism Essay It is commonly known that all Human Beings have needs. Daft (2008) defines needs as things that individuals want and work for to achieve. Kotler (2005) points out that an unsatisfied need creates tension which kindle the desire to achieve an outcome that seems to be attractive. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory shows that there is a huge gap between the things that create dissatisfaction and the things that pertain satisfaction (Daft 2008). Furthermore, Herzberg found that satisfaction is not the opposite of dissatisfaction, but no satisfaction (Kotler, 2005). The Hygiene Factors are things that are expected by a human being and influence the level of dissatisfaction. If those factors are poor or absent, a human being is dissatisfied (Herzberg 1968 in Mead 2005). If those factors are good, on the other hand, they remove the dissatisfaction but do not create satisfaction. The Motivators however, create satisfaction if they are good, but do not create dissatisfaction when they are poor. The level that lies between the Hygiene Factors and the Motivators creates neither satisfaction nor dissatisfaction (Herzberg 1968 in Daft 2008). Applied to the Tourism Industry Hygiene Factors could be a safe environment, a clean Hotel room, friendly staff etc., whereas Motivators could be an unexpected upgrade, free wireless lan and over average security and safety precautions. Abraham H. Maslow first published his Theory of Needs in 1954. He points out that there are multiple needs that motivate human beings and they exist in a hierarchical order, from the least to the most pressing (Kotler et. al, 2006). He categorized needs in five categories which are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Those needs act as motivators in order to drive humans (Eckermann). The physiological needs include the needs for food, water, rest and oxygen (Daft 2008) whereas the safety needs represents the need for security in the physical and emotional environment, protection from physical and emotional harm as well as the freedom from threats (Robbins DeCenzo, 2005). Social needs, however, are the needs for giving and receiving love, belong somewhere, and get affection. Daft (2008) adds that people need to be accepted by others, have friendships and relationships, and to be part of a group. Furthermore, the Esteems needs, which are also called as Ego Needs, include self-respect and the esteem from others. Additionally, there is need for attention, a positive self-image, recognition and appreciation from others (Daft 2005). The need for Self-Actualization is the need for achieving challenging tasks and to be creative (Halepota, Eckermann ). A human desires to develop its full potential, increase competence, and to become and be a better person (Daft 2008). Cartwright (2000) suggests a sixth need level which he calls the unattainable. It is an unreachable needs that individuals strive for but can never reach and therefore, they can never be fully and entirely satisfied (in Mead 2005). The lower level needs are called biogenetic needs (Schiffmann and Kanuk) or as Mead (2005) calls them the basic needs or deficiency needs (Daft 2008). Those needs are satisfied through external factors such as food, money, and praise from others. They are comparable with the Hiygiene Factors of Herzbergs Theory. The higher-level needs are the psychogenic (Schiffmann and Kanuk) or ego and self-actualization needs (Mead 2005) which are, unlike the basic needs, satisfied by internal outcomes e.g. sense of achievement and competence. Robbins and DeCenzo (2005) have pointed out that each level has to be satisfied before an individual moves up to the next level and another needs becomes relevant. If one need is satisfied, it is no longer motivating and needs are satisfied progressively (Mead 2005). Since for this work, mainly the safety needs are of relevance, the author will mainly emphasize on only those needs. However, also the physiological needs for shelter are important to consider. The Tourism Industry has to be very familiar with and understand those needs thoroughly. Fulfilling the biogenetic needs of customers will give the company a competitive advantage, since fulfilling those basic needs will motivate the consumer to strive for higher needs (psychogenic needs) and thus satisfy them more. Therefore, the Tourism Industry has to provide a safe environment for their tourists. Equity Theory Daft Hofstede Culture Definition Hofstede (1984)cited in Mead (2005): Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture (p. 8). Out of this definition it can be concluded that culture is learned, and passed on from generation to generation, first from parents and families and then by institutions and members, and includes systems of values. According to Hofstede (1984) in Mead (2005) values are assumptions about how members within a culture group should behave. Those values are more intensively learned in young age as children learn more unconsciously and therefore, the learned values are deep-rooted. Furthermore, Mead (2005) points out that each social group has its unique culture that is different from the culture of other social groups, and they respond differently to similar situations. Furthermore, different culture groups have c onflicting and different expectations from their environment. Several Culture Models have been established over the years, e.g. the Kluckholm and Strotbeck Model in 1961 in Mead (2005), where they compared different cultures on the basis of the different orientations they have. The model of Hall (1976) in Mead (2005) distinguishes between low-context cultures that emphasizes on the verbal way of communicating and whose members need rather facts than interpretations and non-verbal communication such as in high-context cultures. Due to space limitations, in this work however, it will only be focused on Hofstedes Model as it fits the best for this topic because it includes the dimension of uncertainty avoidance which can be applied best to the needs for safety and security. The Hofstede Model has five Dimensions with which it distinguishes cultures. Those five Dimensions are Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Feminity, and Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation (Hofstede 2001). Power Distance is the distance between individuals from one level of the hierarchy to the other and the extent to which individuals accept or tolerate that power is not distributed equally. In cultures where the power distance is high, there is a big gap e.g. between a manager and his employees, and everybody knows their role and accepts it. In a low power distance culture, however, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Uncertainty avoidance represent the need to avoid uncertainties in the future or to be risk-taking. Cultures in which the need for uncertainty avoidance is high, are more anxious about the future, stabilize greater relationships and put a lot of energy into making plans for the future. In culture where the need for uncertainty avoidance is low, however, individuals are more willing to take risks and to change. Individualism versus collectivism shows if individuals have deep relationships with each other or rather not have emotional connections with others. In individualist cultures the individual identity is stressed and competition is expected. In collectivist cultures, on the other side, the group interest is more important that the individual interest and individuals are very loyal to group members. Masculinity versus Femininity is how the roles and values in a society are divided. In masculine cultures there is a big difference between sex roles. Those cultures are very competitive and career oriented. In feminine cultures, however, relationships and human contacts are very important. Long-term versus short-term orientation represents a temporal orientation towards life. Long-term oriented cultures value persistence and relationships are clearly ordered according to the status of individuals. Short-term oriented cultures value personal steadiness and stability, respect tradition, and exchange greetings, favors, and gifts. Diagram Perception of risks Perception Sirgy (1982) defines perception as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world (in Kotler et. al, p. 213). Human Beings collect information through the five senses which are sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. People act differently based on their perception due to the fact that each person receives, organizes, and then interprets the incoming information in an individual way. That different people have different perceptions of the same object, situation etc., is because of the three perceptual processes. Selective Attention means that due to the massive amount of stimuli a person is exposed to every day, some stimuli will simply been screened out. Therefore, managers have to make their products noticeable to the consumers, by relating a stimuli to the current need, create stimuli that consumers anticipate, and establish high deviations compared to the normal size of the stimuli. Selective Distortion is the twisting of information into personal meaning so that it fits the preconceptions. Selective Retention happens when people only retain information that reinforce ones attitudes and beliefs and forget the rest (Kotler et. al, 2006). Glaesser (2003) defines risk as the term expected damage. It is calculated by the size of the damage times the probability that something will occur. If the tourist receives as risk as too much that it exceeds the tolerance level, the consumer will use risk reduction techniques (Kreilkamp, 1998; in Glaesser). This tolerance level is determined by the degree of credibility appearance of the tourism organization, the speed of its actions as well as the number of times a negative event occurred repetitiously (Kroeber-Riel, 1992; in Glaesser, 2003). It also has to be taken in account, that personal factors highly influence perception, which leads to a subjective risk assessment which includes quantitative risk factors, qualitative risk factors, and individual risk factors (Jungermann, 1991; in Glaesser, 2003). Quantitative risk factors influence a persons perception and increases if a negative event that has occurred in the past is remembered or can be imagined Differences Although these two factors are very important by talking about risk perception, the author will focus only on the individual risk factors, as those are more relevant for the work. Several personal determinants influence a persons perception such as age, gender, and education. The WTO (1994) states that female tourists have a higher risk perceptions than men. Young tourists between 18 and 24 years of age, however, perceive risk while travelling as less than older tourists (in Glaesser, 2003). Another important factor that has to be considered is the cultural aspect. Tourists from different cultural backgrounds have different risk perceptions, which could be explained due to different social, behavioral and development forms (Kemp, 1993; Sà ¶nmez and Graefe, 1998; in Glaesser, 2003). Hofstede !!!!!! Gee and Gain (1986) point out that tourists perceive risk more if a negative incident in the past has coincidentally affected someone out of their own culture/country. Furthermore, it has to be mentioned that terrorism in general does not lead to a decline in tourism demand. If the terrorism attacks, however, are directed direcly against tourists that lead to injuries and deaths, they would choose another destination (Wilkinson, 1993; Sà ¶nmez, 1998; in Glaesser, 2003). Usually higher than the real risk/danger that exists (Brayshaw) Risk Perception is usually not logical, because it is influenced through the media. (Santana) Amateur videos or colorful pictures. Higher change of being violated or having an accident at home than during the holiday/vacation. (Santana) Spill-over effect: association of one incident with the whole region or country (Santana) Tourism industry: Sectors within are interrelated and dependent (transportation, exchange rates, political and social structure, weather, etc. If one varies or changes negatively, it affects the others. (Santana) Since tourism destinations heavily depend on tourists, they have to address the heavily fluctuating demand that arises due to the changing perception of the riskiness of the destination (Meheux Parker, 2006). Destinations that are perceived as a threat to their safety or well-being of the travelers, will be avoided (Beirman, 2003). Holden (2008) stresses this further by saying that perceived risks can be so powerful that tourists would even prevent going to a destination and choosing another destination instead that appears to be more pleasant and safe (Henderson, 2007). Timothy (2006) points out an exception by saying that some tourists deliberately travel to risky destinations out of curiosity. Furthermore, it is said that most tourists are not primarily concerned with being caught in a disaster, especially if a long time has passed since the last disaster or incident. Summing up, it can be said that tourists are prepared and willing to accept a certain amount of risk. However, if the risk perception exceeds the tolerance level, the destination will be substituted. RM According to van Waldbeck à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾[r]isk assessment is a key stage in planning for crisis, involving the anticipation of what might go wrong and identification of the reasons for divergences from expectations (2005 cited in Henderson, 2007: p. 3). As a tool, marketers can continuously promote the safety in risky destinations, as this can make the tourist neglecting the threat (Henderson, 2007). Hudson (2008) suggests a hurricane guarantee that allows the tourists to rebook their vacation. Huan et. al (2004) on the other side argue that instead of building confidence, stressing the safety of a destination and safety plans have a negative impact on the tourists image of a destination and could negatively impact the buying decision. Concerning the question, how big the time span between an incident and a restart of marketing the destination, the WTO WMO (1998) suggest that this decision has to be made responsively concerning the safety instead of the profit-making (in Henderson, 2007). Definition of Crisis . (Glaesser) Definition of Crisis Management Crisis Management includes changes of tasks as response to a crisis. (Glaesser) When thinking of Tourism, one most commonly thinks of enjoyment, relaxation, and safety. On the other side, however, disasters bring about fear, stress, anxiety, trauma, and panic (Santana, 2003). Those two sides go hand in hand because crisis have always been and always will be part of tourism operations. Thus, it affects all parties that are part of the Tourism System e.g. the tourist, destination, communities, tourism companies, regulators, promoters (Santana, 2003). Faulkner defines a disaster as [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] where an enterprise is confronted with sudden unpredictable catastrophic changes over which it has little control (Faulkner, 2001: p. 136, cited in Ritchie, 2004). According to Glaesser (2003) , a crisis is an unusual and unwanted situation that demands an immediate response due to it seriousness. Differences between disasters and crisis Crisis describes a situation where the root cause of the event lies internal of an organization and is due to unskilled or ineffective management practices and the inability or unwillingness to adapt to an ongoing change (Faulkner, 2001). E.g. Chernobyl, A crisis could be to some extent prevented, but standard procedures often redefine the abnormal as normal and therefore, not adapt to change (Booth, 1993). A crisis, however, can also bring positive things as it acts as a turning point for better or for worse (Fink, 1986, in Faulkner, 2001). Pos. outcomes: innovation, recognition of new markets), totally new and more effective configuration might emerge. (Chaos Theory) A disaster on the other side is a situation or event that is unpredictable and over which organizations or enterprises has little control (Faulkner, 2001). E.g. eathquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis. Unfortunately, some warning signals of disasters that are about to happen are ignored -> leave communities unprepared (Faulkner, 2001). Burton et al. (1978) in Faulkner (2001): To sum up, the global toll of natural disaster rises at least as fast as the increase in population and material wealth, and probably faster. We live in an increasingly complex world and this has contributed to making us more crisis or disaster prone (Richardson, 1994) Daft (2008) points out that an organization is confronted with small crises on a daily basis such as data loss, a fire etc. Bigger crises of intentional evil such as bombings and kidnappings, or natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes continue to increase. Henderson (2007) states that disasters such as storms, floods, and droughts, will increase in its frequency due to extreme weather conditions, because of the ongoing climate change. This statement is supported by EM-DATs (2010) natural disaster trend which shows clearly that disasters have occurred more frequently since the beginning of 1900. This lets assume, that disasters will even increase more in the future. Graphic EM-DAT Community responses to crisis include the shock state, where individuals feel helpless and disoriented; the denial and defensive retreat (to reach back to already established safety solutions or to go somewhere else); the acknowledgement state whereby the change is accepted; and the adaption stage in which the community copes with the crisis and learns from it for the future. (Arnold, 1980, in Booth, 1993, in Faulkner, 2001) Degree to which companies work together and break down institutional barriers !!!! (because of inadequate resources -> collaboration; has to be planned before (Granot, 1997)) Fig Faulkner crisis and disasters Although there is no generally accepted definition of crisis management in the literature (Santana, 2003), it can be said that in order to respond to a crisis, organizations have to take actions accordingly by changing their tasks and processes (Glaesser, 2003). Since it can never be known in advance if and what type of crisis will occur, Organizations have to be prepared through planning for the worst case. According to Santana, this should be done through proper advance planning and establishing frameworks, because only then it is possible to cope with uncertainties. Brownwell (1990) stresses that there is even a bigger need for a good crisis management in the tourism industry since it is one of the most vulnerable industries. Fink (1986): the media plays an important role during the disaster management strategies and it has the power make the difference between whether or not a difficult situation evolves into a disaster (Fink, 1986). The media can be very useful by informing the community about warnings and to provide information during the recovery stage. However, the media often spreads false information and thus, can hinder the emergency operations by distracting the emergency personnel. In addition, the media also exaggerates in order to create panic and bring people to spend money e.g. in the form of panic buys before a possible hurricane. Due to the exaggeration and rumors of the media, the impact of a disaster in the tourism industry on the market has an unproportional impact to the actual natural disruptive effect (Cassedy, 1991; Murphy Bayley, 1989; Drabek, 1992). Drabek (1995) analyzed that tourists and tourist destinations in general are more vulnerable to disaster than other people/industries/etc. A reason for this could be that the most appealing and popular tourist destinations are tropical places where hurricanes, avalanches or volcanic eruptions are usual (Murphey and Bayley 1989). Since common targets for terrorists, such as embassies, are made less attractive due to increased safety measure, tourists became the new targets (Lehrman, 1986). Furthermore, during a disaster, tourists are always more independent and vulnerable than the community, as they are not as familiar with the local dangers (Burby and Wagner 1996). Cassedy (1991) states that only a few companies have actual disaster emergency plans in their business plans, and in case they do so it is just made for one type of hazard (Drabek, 1995). In general, one can say that the bigger tourism enterprises are better prepared than smaller enterprises (Faulkner). According to Beirman (2003), the principles of Crisis Management are coordination, collaboration, communication, and commitment. Those principles are a good attempt, however, they are not sufficient, as during an unpredictable disaster there is no time for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Stages Faulkner Preparation Kotler et. al (2006) state that if there are precautions in place, negative events can be diminished or prevented from occurring. Therefore, possible crisis that have a chance of occurring should be determined and develop plans and worst case scenarios. These plans have to be communicated to all employees so that everybody knows their tasks and expected behavior in case of emergency. cascaded strategic priority profile'(CSPP) (Heath, 1995, in Faulkner, 2001) Questionable, because an organizations usual activities and policies are not applicable during the situation of a crisis. (Huque, 1998, in Faulkner, 2001) e.g. companies with high chain of command would have a too long response rate but need to react much faster in crisis situations. Other restrictions are bureaucratic structures and low empowerment. Other problems: communication failures, lack of available resources (Heath, 1995, in Faulkner, 2001) Kotler et. al (2006) suggest that a good crisis management focuses more on the communication and less on the crisis. During training sessions, managers should be asked a set of possible challenging questions that they may have to answer by guests or the media. Prevention It is very important to implement early and warning systems, and thus, create awareness in the tourists mind of potential danger. Ritchie argues that more importance should be given to reduction and readiness than to response and recovery, and tourists rely on the Tour Operator to provide them with the necessary information (which is very important as tourists do not have the knowledge about hazard issues, as they are in an unfamiliar place (Johnston et. al (2007 $). Therefore, a proactive management is necessary, in order to provide the tourists beforehand with the necessary information and precautions (Henderson, 2007), so that tourists know the dangers that exists and adjust their behaviors accordingly ( Ritchie Crouch, 1997; in Glaesser, 2003). It is not possible to eliminate every danger or threat; this is especially the case with natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis or hurricanes. Coburn (1992), however, states that the destruction can be diminished by building hotels etc. in a more solid way which make them more resistant but also require a higher investment. Warning Signals Warning signals could be of any kind. Kotler et. al (2006) suggests that customer complaints, or strangers that walk around the property should be reported by employees to the security in order to prevent risks and crimes. Furthermore, in the internet a manager can read in chats or forums what former customers say and think about their property and thus, erase the failures. Damage Limitation As mentioned above, communication is very important for a good crisis management. It can also reduce the negative publicity, if there is a good communication with the press in place (Kotler et. al 2006). A spokesperson should be chosen who should communicate the facts to the media, give timely updates, and thus keep the press updated. It is pointed out, that by talking to the media, the spokesperson or manager should never use the term no comment as it creates suspicion. According to Daft (2008), leaders should develop four communication skills. First of all, they need to stay calm and listen harder, by absorbing peoples fears and uncertainties. They should give comfort, inspiration, and hope by showing optimism. Secondly, they should be visible in order to show that someone is in control. They need to step out immediately and respond to followers and public concerns. Furthermore, it is very important that the spokesperson always tells the truth and, thus, only communicates facts. As a result of this, rumors will be reduced as well. Last but not least, a vision for the future has to be communicated so that people do not lose hope, keep going and the rebuilding process is faster. Recovery stage In order for a destination to recover, appropriate equipment, time and monetary strength is needed. Especially during natural catastrophes, a region is unable to help itself, and therefore, needs interregional or international help and assistance in form of machinery and donations (Glaesser, 2006). Furthermore, it has to be decided who has to invest financially in rebuilding the destinations additionally to the donations. In some cases, the government pays and burdens the expenses in form of taxes on the community, stakeholders are made responsible, the insurance, or the suppliers of the tourism industry. (?) Another question is, what will be restored first. Most stakeholders demand that they are helped first, however, it is more important to rebuild the infrastructure first and this will benefit the community and the tourism industry, and thus, generate revenue which will be needed again for further reparations (Faulkner and Vikulov, 2001; Huang and Min, 2002, in Sharpley, R. 2005). The time a destination needs in order to recover and bring services back to normal depends on how well the market communication had been integrated (Faulkner, 2001) but is always influenced by the interest of the stakeholder concerning the speed of the recreation, the character of a destination, and how sever the devastation is. Learning Stage To sum up, by having a proper Crisis/ Disaster Management System in place, many hazards could either be avoided or minimize their impacts (Faulkner, 2001).

Divine Comedy: Dante Puts the Hell in Hellenism Essay -- Divine Comedy

Divine Comedy: Dante Puts the Hell in Hellenism    Ever since they were created Greek heroes and their stories have found a perpetual home in the minds and imagination of everyday people.   There they grow to new height through art and literature.   Dante Alighieri includes famous Greek characters throughout the first book of his Divine Comedy: Hell.   From the famed philosophers and personages who fill Limbo to the very last circles of Hell where the giants inhabit, Dante uses as images of different sins, and punishment for individuals sins famous Greek monsters, lovers, and heroes. Throughout history monsters and hideous beasts have been used to terrify men.   Dante uses beasts not only to terrify, but to be images of individual sins as well as tormentors of these sins. "Most of the monstrous organisms by which the functions of Hell are discharged are taken from Greek and Roman mythology.   They are neither devils nor damned souls, but the images of perverted appetites, presiding over the circles appropriate to their natures"   (Dante 89).   The Furies, images of empty remorse that never repents, serve as guards to Circles V and VI.   In classical mythology they eternally pursued the guilty, haunting him wherever he journeys and therefore driving him insan... ..., the popular hero who returned to his wife after ten years of wandering, in the Inferno with the Counselors of Fraud. Dante places him here because he is responsible for the theft of the great Palladium, the ancient image of Pallas Athena, an idol that, as long as it remained in Troy, prevented the city from being taken.   Dante shows the reader that it matters not how great one is on earth, the price of one's sins must be paid.   Dante uses as icons of different sins, and punishment for these sins Greek monsters, lovers, and heroes.    Work Cited Alighieri, Dante. Divine Comedy: The Inferno. Viking Penguin. October 1983.

How Far Do You Agree with the Opinion That the Boer Was Acted as a Spur to Much Needed Reform in Britain

How far do you agree with the opinion that the Boer war acted as a spur to much needed reform in Britain? The Boer war acted as a catalyst to reform in many ways. It had considerable impact politically and socially. Many changes were put in place, from improving the army to public health care. Initially what acted as a spur was the amount of deaths and the cost of the war, 22,000 were killed costing ? 200 million therefore this led to a wake up call for the Army.However one may argue that it was not just the Boer war that induced reforms to be made in Britain; individuals such as Richard Burton Haldane who was appointed war minister could have implemented changes without the Boer war being a significant factor. The Committee of Imperial defence was set up in 1903 addressing that critical reform was needed in regards to the way Britain defended itself and strategy of planning.This was introduced to learn lesson from the Boer war furthermore Lord Salisbury established the Royal Commiss ions under Lord Elgin, some of the changes that were implemented was the abolition of the post of Commander in Chief, this was highly significant as it allowed other posts to be introduced and the elite class did not buy there way into the Army and posts were given by merit hence allowing more competent individuals to run the Army. Source B shows that inefficiencies of the armed forces and the how important the Esher Report was in reforming it.The source highlighted that there was much needed reform in the army and much of these reforms that were introduced were due to the Boer war, â€Å"it coolly analysed the confusions and ineffectiveness of military administration† considering the provenance I can see that it is from a Book by the historian Corelli Barnett who studied English military history and it was published in 1970 hence implying that Barnett must have collected a wide range of sources over a long period of time and judged them fairly before coming to a rational con clusion.Source A suggests that Britain has had â€Å"an imperial lesson† and will learn from it and will strengthen the Empire. The nature of the source is an extract from a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The provenance could be challenged as it was written by Kipling who was pro Empire, so it may have an exaggerative nature however one may argue that the idea of reform as a result of the Boer war was widespread and accepted at the time, moreover source B which is reliable also accepts the viewpoint.There were huge numbers of men that were deemed unfit for military service; this was made apparent when they led an investigation into why it took so long and why it was so expensive just to defeat 50 000 farmers, from this investigation they saw that they had to make changes hence why the Committee on Physical Deterioration was established; it was set up in 1903 and found that it was not physical deterioration regarding physical health but there was a growing need to improve living, wo rking and education conditions.This produced the need for national efficiency. Many different groups wanted to improve Britains social system by making the Empire efficient and putting more children into Education for longer to allow the spread of social mobility. A meritocracy was also introduced thus allowing individuals to embark of a career based on qualifications and not social class. This could only have been put in place because of the Boer war. Source D evidently shows the need for national efficiency, it shows that 26. % of people were rejected out of 3600 recruits in Sheffield, York and Leeds. â€Å"3 out of 5 volunteers were rejected† this was astonishingly high and highlighted the pressing need to change Britain socially. Free school meals were introduced in 1906 and provision of medical inspections of children. The National Insurance Act of 1911 which provided free medical health for the working class. As a results of the many deaths that occurred in the Second B oer war, new administrative structures were put in place.From acknowledging the fast reactions, skills and talented nature of the Boers, the British needed to put some hard reforms in place. Firstly they removed the traditional bright scarlet uniform for the khaki which allowed a better disguise, new weaponry was introduced such as the Lee Enfield rifle and quick firing guns were produced which were learned from massacres like the one at spion kop. Hence showing that all these changes were due to the learning of mistakes from the Boer war.Source C is an extract from a memorandum from Haldane on military reform published in 1907 this was written by Haldane who was appointed the war minister thus implying that this source is accurate as a war minister would not make exaggerated claims on reforming the military, therefore the provenance of this source is reliable, this source explains the mobilisation of the territorial or home force. However some may say that it was not largely due to the result of the Boer war but because of political changes that were inevitably going to take place.Whenever a new party comes into power is it understandable that they would make important decisions on how to run the country, nevertheless one may argue that the Boer war had an impact on decision making. Furthermore judging from the sources most of them all are in agreement with each other Sources B, C and D are written by reliable people, Historian and politicians were are Source A is a poem written by an individual who is pro empire however there is substantial evidence to support what is written in this poem. Hence why I agree with the view that the second Boer war resulted in much needed reform in Britain.

Target, Appendix 1, Case 3 Essays

Target, Appendix 1, Case 3 Essays Target, Appendix 1, Case 3 Essay Target, Appendix 1, Case 3 Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Target, Appendix 1, Case 3 1. What micro environmental factors have affected Target’s performance over the past few years? Target’s performance has been affected by a range of micro environmental factors. The major micro environmental factor was the drop in sales revenues and the dwindling profits. Wal-Mart’s sales were growing, and that meant that Target’s sales would go down since consumers preferred Wal-Mart for Target. The inability of Target’s managers to identify a solution to the problem of dropping sales and develop a viable course of action also affected Target’s performance. Another micro environmental factor was the thriftiness of customers all over America, which endeared them to Wal-Mart. The impatience of Target’s shareholders and the pressure they exerted on the company’s board to deliver was also a major factor. The marketing strategies that were adopted by the management also failed to turn things around. However hard the company tried, they were unable to establish a firm grip on the market. 2. What macro environmental factors have affected Target’s performance during that period? Target’s performance was affected by the global financial crisis that hit the world during that time. The crisis caused a fall in GDP and massive unemployment. This affected the buying habits of customers who then preferred to buy from Wal-Mart due to their legacy as a low-cost discounting store. Wal-Mart, Target’s main competitor, was attracting more customers because of its low-cost selling strategy. Consumption patterns were all of a sudden frugal; this made Target lose many customers since it was perceived as a luxury store. Another possible macro-environmental factor that must have affected Target’s performance was the coverage of its underperformance by the media. The focus on its falling sales by the media might have created the impression that it was selling at higher prices. 3. By focusing on the â€Å"pay less† part of its slogan, has target pursued the best strategy? Why or why not? Target’s pay less strategy was a good idea. It marketed target as a store that sells at lower prices than other stores. The focus on the â€Å"pay less† part was important especially during a time when consumers were thrift in their spending. It also meant that Target would compete with Wal-Mart for those consumers who preferred to buy goods at lower prices. The â€Å"pay less† part marketed Target as a discounting outlet and placed Target at a level playing field with competitors like Wal-Mart. 4. What alternative strategy might Target have followed in responding to the first signs of declining revenues and profits? Target should have embarked on massive re-branding of its stores and advertisement strategies. The stores and products should have been made to reflect a new price cutting strategy. The idea should have been to convince the customer that target is no longer a luxury store but a low price discount outlet. Rather than focusing on the â€Å"pay less† part of its slogan alone, Target should have engaged the consumer to find out the reason they preferred Wal-Mart and identify how they can improve their customer service. 5. Given Target’s current situation, what recommendations would you make to CEO Steinhafel for his company’s future? The company should continue with its re-branding initiative while at the same time marketing Target as a destination for quality products. They should also market Target aggressively using the â€Å"pay less† slogan. This will inform consumers that Target stocks lower-price products than its competitors. Target should monitor customer behavior and interact with them to find out their preferences and identify shortcomings in customer service. The management must ensure that they are constantly in touch with customers for feedback on performance and service rendered.

Shakespeare in love Analysis Essays

Shakespeare in love Analysis Essays Shakespeare in love Analysis Paper Shakespeare in love Analysis Paper Essay Topic: Film Twelfth Night In this media assignment, I will be looking at and interpreting the film Shakespeare in Love. Although at first the film looks to be fairly normal, there are subtle things, which generally make it more appealing to us. The director needed to add these subtle things to make the film look and feel realistic, so that the audience would think the film was believable. I am going to write about what these subtle things are, and what their impact is on the audience as well as giving my thoughts on each. With nearly every point I make, you have to consider the film is intending to take us back in time to the 1590s, the time Elizabeth I was the queen. A lot of my points will refer to the time period, because it will be very important to the director to make the film believable. Because Shakespeare is such a famous person, most people who see the film will know he died a long time ago (in 1616 to be precise), which would mean that the audience would expect the film to be set in a different time period to match the time he lived in (that is, unless it has been purposely modernised, which in this case it hasnt). Tied into this, I think the opening sequence was discreetly meant to look old. Something that I noticed was that the opening credits (telling us the cast names etc.) were in black and white. I would associate black and white with the past, because in the earlier years of the 20th century, films used to be in black and white, before colour was introduced later on. This was as well as the font of the writing being in the font that we would associate with old England. Because the director did this, we get the impression that the film is set in the 16th century even before the film has begun. Its important to set the mood for a film in its first scenes, because it would be harder to persuade an audience to enjoy a film if they werent immediately drawn into it. The phrase: you dont get a second first impression suits my point because as with just about anything, most people will presume that all the film will follow the patterns of what we see in its first few minutes. There was only one thing that I thought was wrong with the opening sequence. Nothing else was happening when the opening credits were on, never mind any decent on screen action! Anything that was happening would have given us a taste of what was to come later on. Because there wasnt any action, it felt as if the director didnt care about giving us a taster and therefore didnt care that the only thing we could do during the credits was to get bored. However, I dont think that a good first impression would be good enough for an audience. I think this was why music seemed to be extremely important to the director as well. Not only was it frequently played, the instruments played suited the period Shakespeare in Love was set in. I dont recall hearing anything but string instruments which are associated with classical music. Also, the tempo, pitch, and loudness of the music are all very important. Whenever an important part of the film is on screen, we hear completely different types of music, even though the same instruments are used. For example, when Thomas Kemp was auditioning for the part of Romeo, background music gradually got louder. This was building up to the end of his audition, when the music seemed to explode so that it dominated all the films sound. The pitch also seemed to get higher. These combined create music that feels victorious and happy probably how Shakespeare felt at the time it was happening. It is hard to describe why the music felt this way, but the music seems to uplift our feelings, just as the pitch and volume got higher. I think the on screen action also reflects how we feel, because we can usually see the emotion being portrayed as the music is being played. This was also done in many other places, such as the scene where Shakespeare was running down the street with the first scene in his hand, and also when Thomas Kemp listens to Shakespeare reads a sonnet on stage realising (I think) that she wanted to be the part of Romeo in his play. This type of music was almost certainly used intentionally because of the numerous places it turned up in. Not only was there happy music, but also dramatic music. The tempo increased dramatically, and the pitch of the music was dropped slightly to get this feeling. This wasnt played in as many areas as with the happy music, but was still used quite frequently. The best example of this music was when Shakespeare was chasing Thomas Kemp through the streets, after their audition. However important this is to the director, the camera angles need to be just as good. We saw that on several occasions the level of the camera reflected the class system old England had. We could see this clearly at the very end of the film, when Romeo and Juliet was being performed because the common audience were at the bottom of the stage, whereas the royal box was overlooking the stage and directly above the 3rd class people. This showed us that the higher-class people were in the position that resembled their status higher up. We also saw something similar at the beginning of the film, when Henslowe was being tortured. We saw that the camera was looking up to Fennyman (the torturer), and down at Henslowe. I think this was because Fennyman was the person in control of his peers. This meant that Henslowe was (metaphorically speaking) looking up to Fennyman to try to gain his forgiveness as did the camera whenever Fennyman spoke. The techniques used with the camera were also fairly basic which isnt typical of a film at all! No advanced techniques were used in the film (such as zoom or fading), which I think was a fairly discreet thing to do, yet very effective for the people who notice it. I think the lack of modern techniques used represented the lack of technology that the people had in the 16th century. I really liked the techniques used, because they show us that the director seems to have really tried to make the film believable yet used a variety of different ways. These techniques may appeal to a more observant audience because they will get that little extra for the money they pay, whereas people who are less observant will probably be happy with the on-screen scenery and props; which only make the film look (and not feel) old. However, making the films set look old is still fairly important. This ties in with a previous point I made at the bottom of page one, regarding getting a first impression. If the audience were expecting a realistic film (which in this case they would be), they would not be impressed by a modern looking set in the first few minutes, as they should know that Shakespeare lived hundreds of years ago. The audience would then probably notice more of the modern things put into the film, rather than any old things (visible or otherwise). This would therefore lower peoples opinions of the film, before the main plots have even begun to unfold. Such obvious background features included the use of lighted candles to light an area, instead of electric light bulbs, particularly in pubic buildings. Also, rats were occasionally seen on screen with the most memorable time for me being when the young boy speaking to Shakespeare picked one up by its tail. These are fairly obvious examples, but are only used in the background. One physical feature that stood out were the characters clothes because they were always on screen and also because they were often unusual, making them stand out a lot of the time. However, the clothes didnt vary enough for my liking. Although they suited the time, they seemed to lack originality. The clothes of commoners were often dirty and generally looked old and worn, whereas the higher-class people wore the most bizarre outfits Ive ever seen particularly queen Elizabeth 1st with her top, which seemed to have grown wings! This wasnt enough for me because any director could have made actors in the mise-en-scene wear these types of clothes for an effect, so therefore the directors intentions for clothing lacked originality. Perhaps the director could have advised the clothing department to rip parts of the commoners clothes, and then sew them back together with a different coloured thread, that had no contrast at all, to emphasise how poor these people were. Also, the director could have distinguished Shakespeare to be in a particular class. This is because Shakespeare tended to fall in between class structures as far as his clothing was concerned as his clothes were neither old or worn, denoting a poor person, nor bizarre and extravagant, denoting a rich person. The only thing that impressed me with the clothing was that they usually made the important characters stand out. This was because Shakespeares clothes (among others) were a different colour to most other people. This was particularly effective in scenes where the mise-en-scene was similar to the main action. For example, in scenes where the mise-en-scene involved dancing, the unimportant dancers tended to wear burgundy and brownish colours, which were similar colours to the background, whereas Shakespeare wore a vibrant green shirt and hat. Although there was barely any change in the style of clothes, Shakespeare always stood out of the crowd. This was an excellent idea. This follows my earlier point in saying that the same classes wore similar clothes, which would potentially have been a big problem. This is because if it wasnt for the colour schemes, then there would have been no way Shakespeare could have stood out by wearing almost identical clothes. We can now see that colours may have had more of an effect than some people may think. This is because not only were the colours important in making important characters stand out, but they also discreetly helped the director make the film a love story The colours in the background tended to be shades of red. The colour is associated with love and passion which is probably why it seemed to me as if there was more of the colour red in passionate scenes. For example, in the close up scene of Shakespeare and Lady Viola undressing each other on the bed, the only thing we saw in the background were the closed curtains which were red. The other obvious place to me was in the dancing scenes (as Ive mentioned before). Everyone else who was dancing were mainly wearing red and burgundy colours which may have reflected the passion the people in the background had for their partners, as well as with Shakespeare and Viola. I think the colour use is very ambiguous. On one hand, we have the colour representation (red meaning love and passion, for example), whereas the on the other hand we have the use with making the main characters unique. I personally think that this is a good quality of a film, because it kills two birds with one stone. Then again, I can see why the ambiguity could be a bad thing as people may think that truly great directors could make characters unique, without making them physically different. This would mean ambiguity with the colours wouldnt be needed. On the other hand, colour would be less important to the director, compared with him showing that he could make a realistic film because I people world prefer a film that was to their taste, rather than to the tastes of a 16th century audience (after all, fashions do change with time). Because people back then would expect different things from the entertainment industry, the director would have to modernise the film to an extent, to make it more appealing for our generations, but without ruining the historical background from which it came from, to make the film believable. I have already mentioned about how the director had kept an old theme (e.g. with candles and basic camera-angles); but he had to change some things, such as the language used, so that we could understand what was being said on-screen. This is because people who find it hard to decipher text would find it difficult to translate what was being said into everyday English, never mind do it so that they could keep up with the plot at the same time! This is probably why the only character in the first few scenes that spoke old English frequently, was Shakespeare, who in the film was called Will. This was another way in which the film was modernised by making the name, William, relate to its modern equivalent. Although I say this, the director needs to keep some older English in the film, not only to make the film believable, but to also make Shakespeares sonnets feel in place when recited. We frequently saw Shakespeare recite sonnets, particularly if he and Viola were together. For example, Shakespeare recited the world-famous Oh Romeo, Oh Romeo, where for art thou, Romeo? scene with Viola (NOT Juliet) during the film. This wouldnt have looked in place if the scene were acted out in modern English, because such sonnets are renowned for having old English dialogue in them. For example, we dont recite the Oh Romeo scene in modern English, by saying something upon the lines of: Oi, Romeo, where are you? I think the modernisation was needed to suit a general audience, but I would have welcomed more old spoken English. For viewers in countries outside the UK, the lack of old spoken English makes the film a bad example of how our country used to speak. Alternatively, small details were used to make the film look realistic. Sometimes they were barely noticeable, yet they made a difference. They gave us a little extra information, which allowed the actors and scenery to look realistic. Some of these details included: Lighted candles; the use of a quill and ink instead of a pen, with ink stains surrounding the pots and paper; and the use of swords to fight, instead of guns. However, I saw even smaller details that (if noticed by the audience) would give a decent impact as well. These included: People with dirty fingernails, which shows how dirty Elizabethan England affected the population; the words Bought in Stratford-upon-Avon on Shakespeares cup; and the cock-a-doodle-doo sounds made by chickens, which woke up the town (instead of alarm clocks). These small details were good to include, but I cant help feeling that some were too hard to notice, unless you were looking specifically for them (like I was). I think the director shouldnt have included as many small details, and concentrated more on noticeable areas of the film, such as making the film believable by improving props and scenery, so they look like they were from the Elizabethan times not that they didnt look good enough in the film as we saw it. So my point is, perhaps the director should have cut out these smaller details, and concentrate harder on making more noticeable features, which would probably have made for a better film. The details of the film were accurate despite the plot being fictional. The film is allowing us to watch a possible way in which Romeo and Juliet could have been written but not what actually happened. The plot was constructed to resemble the plot in Romeo and Juliet with their feuding families, two star-crossed lovers, and the struggle they had to keep their relationship going. The plots were so similar we even saw cut scenes between the play being acted out, and the real-life plot developing together; possibly the only advanced technique used in the film. This happened mainly when Viola and Shakespeare were together and were passionate, reciting sonnets from Romeo and Juliet. The other place this happened was at the very end of the film, when Shakespeare was still very upset about Viola leaving the country with her husband-to-be. So much so, he wrote his next play, Twelfth night straight after she went. He made Viola the main character in the play, who ironically dresses up as a man, although this time it was her brother, Sebastian. The idea of having a muse for Shakespeare was a good idea, because it shows that Shakespeare also needs inspiration to write his extraordinary plays which would be uplifting for all budding writers, who hope to be able to write as well as him in the future. The ending didnt only do this, but also resembled the beginning of the play. In both, Shakespeare began to write the plays in completely different ways. At the start, Shakespeare didnt have his muse, but at the end he did and the differences between how he wrote them were huge. I remember that at the start, he was practising writing his signature, and that he also pointed to his head a lot (usually saying that he knew what he was going to write). I think that this was because he didnt know exactly who he was, and what his purpose in life was. He is trying to figure out in his head who he was, yet he wasnt definite enough to write it down and know he was right. The signatures probably show this as well; because they all seemed to be different, possibly portraying all the different people he was; trying to choose which one he wanted to live as. When he had discovered who he was, he wrote Twelfth night straight away showing us that his muse (Viola) was essential to the film. To conclude, I will give my overall opinion of the film. I think the film wasnt impeccable, yet it had all the qualities of a good film. It showed us that we dont have to look at physical details to pick every detail up, yet also gives us a variety of ways we can praise the film for its physical appearance. However, I would like to have seen a better link between the Shakespeare/Viola love story, and the Fennyman/Henslowe money problems to create more conflict. I would also liked to have seen more advanced techniques used even if it resembled the period the film was set in, the camera angles seemed to get repetitive after a while. For example, fading could have been used when flicking from a scene in the acted play, and the real-life goings on away from the theatre. This would have made the links between them more obvious, and it would also have told us when these links were intended to stop happening.